Overview

Sinusitis is the inflammation or swelling of the sinuses, which are the air-filled spaces in your face and skull. When these sinuses get blocked with fluid or mucus, germs like bacteria, viruses, or fungi can grow and cause an infection.

There are different types of sinusitis depending on how long the symptoms last.

Acute sinusitis usually lasts up to four weeks and is often triggered by a common cold.

Subacute sinusitis can last between four and twelve weeks,

Chronic sinusitis lasts for more than twelve weeks and is usually caused by ongoing inflammation, allergies, or structural problems like nasal polyps or a deviated septum.

Recurrent sinusitis refers to several episodes that occur multiple times in a year.

Symptoms

• Stuffy or runny nose
• Pain in the cheeks or forehead
• Headache
• Cough
• Fever (sometimes)

 Causes

Viral infection(cold or flu) is the most common cause of sinusitis. The virus causes swelling in the nasal passages, which blocks mucus flow and leads to a buildup and infection.

Sometimes, a viral sinus infection can turn into a Bacterial Infection, especially if symptoms last more than 10 days. Bacteria multiply in the trapped mucus, causing more severe symptoms.

Allergic reactions can cause the lining of the nose and sinuses to swell, blocking drainage and triggering sinusitis. This is common in people with allergic rhinitis or hay fever.

Nasal polyps are soft, painless growths inside the nose or sinuses. They block airflow and mucus drainage, making sinus infections more likely and often leading to chronic sinusitis.

Deviated Nasal Septum is when the wall between the two nostrils (septum) is crooked or off-center. it can restrict sinus drainage and cause repeated sinus infections.

Fungal Infections happen in rare cases, especially in people with weakened immunity. fungi can cause sinusitis. This is more common in people with uncontrolled diabetes, cancer, or those taking immunosuppressants.

Environmental Factors like polluted air, smoke, dry indoor air, and frequent exposure to dust or chemicals can irritate the nasal passages and trigger sinus problems.

 Tooth Infections in the upper teeth (especially the molars) can spread to the maxillary sinuses, leading to sinusitis—this is called Odontogenic Sinusitis.

Psychosomatic causes

Holding in grief, sadness, or frustration can create inner tension that affects the sinuses. The body may react with inflammation in the sinus area, especially when emotions remain unresolved.

Mental Overload or Stress Being overwhelmed mentally—too many thoughts, decisions, or information—can cause sinus tension. The sinuses, located near the forehead and eyes, may symbolically reflect “pressure in the head” from life stressors.

Inability to Express Feelings, people who feel they can't speak out, ask for help, or express themselves clearly may experience congestion. Sinus blockage can symbolically represent “blocked communication.”

Environmental Intolerance (Mental and Physical) Not just physical allergens, but also emotional sensitivity to surroundings—such as toxic relationships, a stressful home or work atmosphere—can create a “reaction” in the body, just like an allergy.

Resistance to Change Sinusitis can also reflect a person’s mental rigidity or resistance to letting go, especially when clinging to outdated habits, people, or beliefs. This internal conflict can manifest as physical congestion.

Traditional systems often relate sinus issues to imbalanced Kapha (heaviness, congestion) and unexpressed emotions.

Diagnoses  

Physical Examination

• Nasal examination
• Palpation
• Checking for signs of post-nasal drip, throat redness, or ear pressure
• Nasal endoscopy through a thin flexible tube with a camera is inserted into the nose to view the sinuses directly.

Imaging Tests (for persistent or chronic cases)

·       X-Ray of Sinuses

·        CT (Computed Tomography) Scan

 MRI Scan

·       Used if fungal infection, tumor, or complications are suspect

Laboratory Tests

• Nasal swab culture: To identify bacterial or fungal organisms in severe or resistant cases.
• Allergy testing: If allergic sinusitis is suspected.
• Blood tests (occasionally): To check for signs of systemic infection or immunity issues.

Specialist Findings (ENT)

• Nasal polyps
• Enlarged turbinates (swollen nasal structures)
• Fungal sinusitis (visible blackish material in severe cases)
• Anatomical abnormalities like narrow sinus openings

Cure & Management

Acute Sinusitis:

• Nasal decongestants
• Saline nasal sprays/irrigation
• Pain relievers
• Antibiotics: Only if symptoms persist for more than 10 days

Chronic Sinusitis:

• Nasal corticosteroids
• Oral steroids
• Antibiotics
• Surgery (FESS): If medication fails, for nasal polyps or blockage

Surgery

If the patient is not responding to the medicines, especially in chronic sinusitis, the doctor may suggest Endoscopic Sinus Surgery (FESS): To open blocked sinuses or remove polyps.

Important :

• Most sinusitis (especially viral) gets better in 7–10 days without antibiotics.
• Always take medicines as per doctor’s advice.
• Never overuse nasal sprays.

Side effects

Painkillers are generally safe if used correctly, while overuse can harm the liver. Can cause stomach pain, acidity, or ulcers and can affect kidneys if taken for long-term. Few medicines are not suitable for people with asthma or heart disease.

Nasal Decongestant Sprays should not be used for more than 3 days as it can cause rebound congestion, Nose becomes more blocked when you stop and also can cause dryness or irritation in the nose.

Nasal Steroid Sprays can cause nosebleeds, throat irritation, dry nose, and can cause slower growth in children if overused

Antibiotics have common side effects like loose motions or diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, allergic reaction and overuse can lead to antibiotic resistance

 Oral Steroids are to be used in only severe or chronic cases. The long term use of Steroids can cause mood changes, weight gain, high blood sugar and weakening of bone.

Sustainable and alternative Treatments

As per Ayurveda Sinusitis is often due to an imbalance in Kapha and Vata doshas, poor digestion (Ama), and exposure to cold/dust.

Treatments:

• Nasal Drops (Naysa)
• Steam Inhalation (Swedana)
• Therapeutic Vomiting (Vamana)
• Herbal Medicines

 As per Naturopathy "Disease is the body's effort to cleanse itself."
So, sinusitis is a healing crisis—the body’s way of flushing out excess mucus and irritants through the sinuses.

Treatments :

• Hot fomentation on sinuses
• Herbal steam inhalation
• Mud packs on face and eye

As per Unanis Sinusitis is seen as an imbalance of phlegm and cold temperament.

Treatments:

• Tadil (Evacuation therapy) like Munzij & Mushil (expectorant and purgation)
• Herbs
• Massage oils and steam therapy are also used to reduce inflammation.

 As per Siddha perspective Sinusitis is linked to Kabha noigal (Kapha disorders) and poor energy flow in the nasal area.

 Treatments

• Nasiyam (Nasal therapy) with herbal oil
• Thylams (medicated oils): Amukkara thylam, Vasambu thylam
• Herbs:
• Internal medicine to digest mucus and purify blood

 As per Homeopathy, treatment is individualized, based on the person's physical, emotional, and disease symptoms.

Treatment:

• Boost immunity
• Prevent recurrence
• Treat underlying allergies

Side Effects of Alternative Treatments

Usually, no to very low risk, still one should keep few things in mind to ensure best results :

• Always consult a qualified practitioner
• Never self-medicate with herbal powders or oils
• Use lab-tested, quality-controlled products
• Inform your doctor if you are combining AYUSH with allopathy

Prevention

Keep Your Nose and Sinuses Clean

• Use saline nasal spray or rinse (Neti pot or squeeze bottle) regularly to keep nasal passages moist and clear of dust, allergens, and mucus.
• Always use sterile or boiled and cooled water for nasal rinses to avoid infections.

Avoid Triggers That Irritate the Sinuses

• Stay away from smoke, strong perfumes, pollution, and dust – all of which can inflame sinus passages.
• Avoid sudden temperature changes (e.g., stepping from hot to cold environments).

Manage Allergies Well

• Allergies are a major trigger for recurrent sinusitis.
• Use antihistamines or nasal corticosteroids (as prescribed) to control allergic rhinitis.
• Avoid allergens like pollen, pet dander, mold, and dust mites.

Stay Hydrated

• Drinking plenty of water keeps mucus thin and helps it drain easily from the sinuses.

Eat an Immune-Boosting Diet

• Include foods rich in vitamin C, zinc, and antioxidants (fruits, leafy greens, ginger, turmeric).
• Warm liquids (soups, herbal teas) soothe the throat and help mucus drain better.

Maintain a Healthy Home Environment

• Use a humidifier if your home is dry (especially in winter).
• Clean AC filters regularly to prevent mold or dust buildup.
• Ensure good ventilation to avoid trapped allergens.

Practice Preventive Yoga and Breathing

• Do gentle yoga and pranayama (like Anulom-Vilom and Bhramari) to keep your respiratory system strong.
• Perform Jal Neti (nasal saline cleansing) regularly to flush out irritants and allergens—using proper technique.

Avoid Upper Respiratory Infections

• Wash hands frequently to prevent colds and flu.
• Avoid close contact with people who have colds.
• Take rest and manage stress to avoid lowering your immunity.

Treat Dental Issues Promptly

• Infections in the upper teeth can spread to the maxillary sinuses.
• Get any dental problems like tooth infections or gum abscesses treated early.

Address Structural Nasal Problems

• If you have a deviated nasal septum, nasal polyps, or frequent nasal blockages, consult an ENT doctor.
• Surgery may be required in some cases to improve airflow and drainage.